Unit 4 Tiếng Anh 12 – Từ vựng, ngữ pháp và bài tập bổ trợ

Tham khảo tài liệu Unit 4 Urbanisation Tiếng Anh 12 (chương trình mới) từ Onthidgnl.vn! Bao gồm từ vựng, ngữ pháp chi tiết và bài tập bổ trợ có đáp án, giúp bạn ôn thi THPTQG 2026 hiệu quả.

Tài liệu được chia thành các phần chính:

• Từ vựng (PART I. VOCABULARY): Liệt kê các từ vựng liên quan đến đô thị hóa, bao gồm từ loại, phát âm và ý nghĩa tiếng Việt (ví dụ: Urban (adj) – Thuộc về thành thị, Urbanisation (noun) – Đô thị hóa, Facilities (noun) – Cơ sở vật chất).
• Ngữ pháp (PART II. GRAMMAR): Trình bày các cấu trúc ngữ pháp quan trọng:

• Thì hiện tại hoàn thành (The Present Perfect Tense): Cấu trúc (khẳng định, phủ định, nghi vấn), cách dùng (diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ kéo dài đến hiện tại, hành động không rõ thời gian, hành động lặp lại, hành động để lại dấu hiệu ở hiện tại, kinh nghiệm), và dấu hiệu nhận biết (just, recently, lately, already, before, ever, never, for, since, yet, until now).
• So sánh kép (Double comparatives to show changes):

• So sánh lũy tiến (càng ngày càng) với tính từ ngắn (Adj + er + and + adj + er), tính từ dài (more/less and more/less + adj), và danh từ (more and more + N).
• So sánh đồng tiến (càng… càng) với công thức the + (so sánh hơn) comparative adj / adv + S +V, the (so sánh hơn) comparative adj/adv + S + V.

• Một số công thức khác: So sánh gấp nhiều lần, từ chỉ số lượng dùng trước tính từ so sánh hơn để nhấn mạnh, cấu trúc “Of the two”, và sử dụng “that/those” để tránh lặp lại danh từ trong so sánh.

• Bài tập (PART III. PRACTICE): Cung cấp các dạng bài tập khác nhau:

• Phát âm (PRONUNCIATION): Bài tập chọn từ có phần gạch chân phát âm khác (E1) và chọn từ có trọng âm chính khác (E2).
• Từ vựng và Ngữ pháp (VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR): Bài tập điền từ vào chỗ trống (E3, E4, E5, E6) và bài tập trắc nghiệm chọn đáp án đúng (E7).
• Đọc hiểu (READING): Các bài tập đọc đoạn văn và điền từ hoặc chọn đáp án đúng (E8, E9, E10, E11).
• Nghe (LISTENING): Bài tập nghe và điền từ (E12), nghe và xác định câu đúng/sai (E13).
• Viết (WRITING): Hướng dẫn viết đoạn văn (khoảng 150 từ) về nhược điểm của đô thị hóa, bao gồm các ý như gánh nặng cơ sở hạ tầng, tác động môi trường, vấn đề xã hội và thách thức kinh tế.

UNIT 4. URBANISATION: (TỪ VỰNG + NGỮ PHÁP + BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ FORM 2025)

PART I. VOCABULARY

Word	Part of speech	Pronunciation	Meaning
1. Urban	(adj)	/ˈɜː.bən/	Thuộc về thành thị
2. Urbanisation	(noun)	/ˌɜː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/	Đô thị hóa
3. Neighbourhood	(noun)	/ˈneɪ.bə.hʊd/	Khu phố
4. High-rise buildings	(noun)	/haɪ raɪz ˈbɪl.dɪŋz/	Các tòa nhà cao tầng
5. Low-rise buildings	(noun)	/ləʊ raɪz ˈbɪl.dɪŋz/	Các tòa nhà thấp tầng
6. Residents	(noun)	/ˈrez.ɪ.dənts/	Cư dân
7. Crowded	(adj)	/ˈkraʊ.dɪd/	Đông đúc
8. Facilities	(noun)	/fəˈsɪl.ɪ.tiz/	Cơ sở vật chất
9. Leisure activities	(noun)	/ˈleʒ.ər ækˈtɪv.ɪ.tiz/	Các hoạt động giải trí
10. Rush hour	(noun)	/rʌʃ ˈaʊər/	Giờ cao điểm
11. Colonial	(adj)	/kəˈləʊ.ni.əl/	Thuộc địa
12. Means of transportation	(noun)	/miːnz əv ˌtræn.spɔːˈteɪ.ʃən/	Phương tiện giao thông
13. Gradually	(adverb)	/ˈɡrædʒ.u.ə.li/	Dần dần
14. Rural	(adj)	/ˈrʊə.rəl/	Thuộc về nông thôn
15. Affordable	(adj)	/əˈfɔː.də.bəl/	Có thể chi trả được
16. Infrastructure	(noun)	/ˈɪn.frəˌstrʌk.tʃər/	Cơ sở hạ tầng
17. Modernise	(verb)	/ˈmɒd.ən.aɪz/	Hiện đại hóa
18. Seek	(verb)	/siːk/	Tìm kiếm
19. Unemployment	(noun)	/ˌʌn.ɪmˈplɔɪ.mənt/	Thất nghiệp
20. Concern	(noun)	/kənˈsɜːn/	Mối quan tâm
21. Architecture	(noun)	/ˈɑː.kɪ.tek.tʃər/	Kiến trúc
22. Wet market	(noun)	/wɛt ˈmɑː.kɪt/	Chợ truyền thống
23. Rapidly	(adverb)	/ˈræp.ɪd.li/	Nhanh chóng
24. Decreasing	(verb)	/dɪˈkriːsɪŋ/	Giảm
25. Reliable	(adj)	/rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bəl/	Đáng tin cậy
26. Slightly	(adverb)	/ˈslaɪt.li/	Hơi, nhẹ
27. Dweller	(noun)	/ˈdwel.ər/	Cư dân
28. Afford	(verb)	/əˈfɔːd/	Chi trả
29. Percentage	(noun)	/pəˈsen.tɪdʒ/	Tỷ lệ phần trăm
30. Proportion	(noun)	/prəˈpɔː.ʃən/	Tỷ lệ
31. Make complaints	(phrase)	/meɪk kəmˈpleɪnts/	Khiếu nại, phàn nàn
32. Statistics	(noun)	/stəˈtɪs.tɪks/	Thống kê
33. Expand	(verb)	/ɪkˈspænd/	Mở rộng
34. Housing	(noun)	/ˈhaʊ.zɪŋ/	Nhà ở

PART II. GRAMMAR

1. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành (The Present Perfect Tense)

a. Cấu trúc (Form)

+ Câu khẳng định (+): S + have/has + V(p2) + Câu phủ định (-): S + have/has + not + V(p2) + Câu nghi vấn (?): Have/Has + S + V(p2)

b. Cách dùng (Usage)

– Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, kéo dài tới hiện tại và vẫn còn khả năng sẽ tiếp diễn trong tương lai.

Ví dụ: I have learned English for 10 years (Tôi đã học tiếng Anh được 10 năm.)

– Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không rõ thời gian.

Ví dụ: Someone has stolen my car. (Có ai đó đã lấy trộm ô tô của tôi.)

– Diễn tả hành động lặp đi lặp lại nhiều lần trong quá khứ.

Ví dụ: She has seen this film several times. (Cô ấy đã xem bộ phim này vài lần rồi.)

– Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng để lại dấu hiệu hoặc hậu quả ở hiện tại.

Ví dụ: The children are dirty. Where have they been? (Bọn trẻ rất bẩn. Chúng đã ở đâu thế?)

The baby is crying. Have you made fun of him?

(Em bé đang khóc. Có phải cậu đã trêu chọc nó không?)

– Diễn tả những kinh nghiệm, trải nghiệm.

Ví dụ: This is the first time I have ever eaten that kind of food.

(Đây là lần đầu tiên tôi ăn loại thức ăn đó.)

c. Dấu hiệu nhận biết thì hiện tại hoàn thành

• just (vừa mới): dùng sau have/has, trước Vp2.
• recently, lately, so far (gần đây): thường đứng ở cuối câu.
• already (rồi): dùng sau have/has, trước Vp2.
• before (trước đây): đứng ở cuối câu.
• ever (đã từng): dùng sau have/has, trước Vp2.
• never (chưa từng, không bao giờ): dùng sau have/has, trước Vp2.
• for + N – quãng thời gian: trong khoảng (for a year, for a long time,…).
• since + N – mốc/điểm thời gian: từ khi (since 1992, since June,…).
• yet (chưa): dùng trong câu phủ định và câu hỏi.
• until now = up to now = up to the present (cho đến bây giờ).

2. So sánh kép (Double comparatives to show changes)

2.1. So sánh luỹ tiến (càng ngày càng)

a. Với tính từ ngắn

Công thức: Adj + er + and + adj + er

Ví dụ:

+ The summer is coming. It gets hotter and hotter. (Mùa hè đang đến. Trời càng ngày càng nóng.)

b. Với tính từ dài

Công thức: more/less and more/less + adj

Ví dụ:

+ She is more and more attractive. (Cô ấy càng ngày càng hấp dẫn.)

+ The environment is less and less pure. (Môi trường ngày càng ít trong lành.)

c. Với danh từ

Công thức: more and more + N

Ví dụ:

+ There are more and more people moving to big cities to look for jobs. (Ngày càng có nhiều người đến những thành phố lớn để kiếm việc làm.)

2.2. So sánh đồng tiến (càng… càng)

Công thức:

the + (so sánh hơn) comparative adj / adv+ S +V, the (so sánh hơn) comparative adj/adv + S + V

Ví dụ:

+ The older he gets, the weaker he is. (ông ấy càng già càng yếu.)

+ The more difficult the exercise is, the more interesting it is. (Bài tập càng khó thì càng thú vị)

+ The more I know him, the less I like him.

(Tôi càng biết nhiều về anh ấy thì tôi càng ít thích anh ấy.)

Lưu ý:

Trong câu so sánh kép, nếu túc từ là một danh từ thì ta đặt danh từ ấy ngay sau tính từ so sánh. Ví dụ:

+ The more English vocabulary we know, the better we speak. Càng biết nhiều từ vựng tiếng Anh, ta càng nói tốt hơn.

Lưu ý: Một số tính từ/ trạng từ không dùng ở dạng so sánh vì bản thân chúng đã mang tính tuyệt đối:

Complete (hoàn toàn), favorite (yêu thích), ideal (lí tưởng), unique (duy nhất), excellent (xuất sắc), full (đầy), empty (rỗng), perfect (hoàn hảo), right (đúng), really (thật sự), extreme (cực độ, tột bậc), supreme (thượng hạng), absolute (tuyệt đối),…

* Một số công thức khác

1. So sánh gấp nhiều lần (multiple numbers comparison)

Công thức:

S + V + multiple numbers * +as + much/ many/ adj/ adv + (N) +as + N/pronoun

* Là những số như half/ twice/ 3, 4, 5… time; Phân số; Phần trăm.

Ví dụ:

+ She types twice as fast as I do.

(Cô ấy đánh máy nhanh gấp hai lần tôi đánh máy.)

+ In many countries in the world with the same job, women only get 40 – 50% as much as salary as men. (Ở nhiều quốc gia, phụ nữ chỉ nhận được lương bằng với 40-50% lương của người đàn ông khi họ có cùng một công việc.)

+ This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

(Bộ sách bách khoa toàn thư này mắc gấp đôi bộ còn lại.)

+ At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney. (Trong buổi tiệc tuần trước, Fred ăn hàu nhiều nhiều gấp 3 lần Barney.)

Lưu ý:

Khi dùng so sánh loại này phải xác định rõ danh từ đó là đếm được hay không đếm được vì đằng trước chúng có much và many.

2. Từ chỉ số lượng dùng trước tính từ so sánh hơn để nhấn mạnh

Công thức: S + V + much/ a lot/ far/ a little/ a bit… + so sánh hơn + than + …

Ví dụ:

+ She is much more hard-working than me. (Cô ấy chăm hơn tôi nhiều.)

3. Cấu trúc bắt đầu bằng “Of the two”

Công thức: Of the two + N (số nhiều), S + V + the + so sánh hơn

Ví dụ:

+ Of the two sisters, Mary is the prettier. (Trong số hai chị em gái, Mary xinh hơn.)

4. Để tránh lặp lại danh từ trong so sánh hơn, kém, ngang bằng, người ta dùng “that” thay cho danh từ số ít và “those” thay cho danh từ số nhiều.

Ví dụ:

+ The population of China is much larger than that of any countries in the world.

(Dân số của Trung Quốc lớn hơn nhiều so với dân số của bất cứ quốc gia nào trên thế giới.)

+ The prices of Japanese

cars are higher than those of Chinese ones. (Giá ô tô Nhật cao hơn giá ô tô Trung Quốc.)

PART III. PRACTICE

PRONUNCIATION

E1. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.

Question 1: A. afford B. admire C. account D. average

Question 2: A. colonial B. concern C. control D. costume

Question 3: A. expand B. exhaust C. excuse D. extra

Question 4: A. leisure B. resident C. reusable D. cuisine

Question 5: A. rapid B. urban C. landfill D. apple

Question 6: A. proportion B. confusion C. convenience D. process

Question7: A. architecture B. achievement C. chopstick D. voucher

E2. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.

Question 1: A. afford B. expand C. maintain D. empty

Question 2: A. unemployment B. immigration C. reliable D. economic

Question 3: A. urban B. current C. equal D. remote

Question 4: A. stable B. private C. frequent D. unique

Question 5: A. policy B. statistics C. period D. vehicles

Question 6: A. gradual B. urbanised C. polluted D. negative

Question 7: A. region B. service C. complaint D. dweller

Question 8: A. product B. concern C. district D. suburn

Question 9: A. modernise B. concentrate C. introduce D. organize

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

E3. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

leisure activities cost of living local residents urban are rush hour shopping facilities traffic jams high-rise buildings

Question 1: Many people move to an ____________ in search of better job opportunities.

Question 2: In the city, there are plenty of _____________ to enjoy, such as parks, theaters, and sports centers.

Question 3: ___________ often complain about the noise and pollution caused by construction.

Question 4: ___________ traffic in the city can be extremely frustrating for commuters.

Question 5: The skyline is dominated by _____________ that house offices and apartments.

Question 6: _______________ are a common problem in big cities, especially during peak hours.

Question 7: The __________ in urban areas is usually higher than in rural areas.

Question 8: Modern __________ offer a wide range of products and services to city dwellers.

E4. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

date decrease modernize expand afford remained seek

Question 1: Many city dwellers struggle to ___________ the high cost of living.

Question 2: The city plans to ______________its public transportation network.

Question 3: People often ____________ better job opportunities in urban areas.

Question 4: Some historic buildings in the city __________ back to the 19th century.

Question 5: The government aims to ___________the infrastructure to improve living conditions.

Question 6: Efforts to reduce pollution have caused the levels of smog to __________.

Question 7: Despite economic changes, some prices have __________ stable over the years.

E5. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

reliable fascinating steady urban frequent rapid affordable colonial

Question 1: The old ______________ buildings add a unique charm to the city’s architecture.

Question 2: It is essential to have a __________ public transportation system in a big city.

Question 3: The __________ lifestyle offers many opportunities but also comes with challenges.

Question 4: Finding ___________ housing in the city can be quite difficult.

Question 5: The ____________bus services make commuting easier for residents.

Question 6: The city’s history is __________ with many museums and historic sites to explore.

Question 7: The ______________growth of the city has led to many new developments.

Question 8: The population of the city has seen a ____________increase over the past decade.

E6. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.

urbanization proportion concern housing resident unemployment opportunity infrastructure

Question 1: Air pollution is a major ____________ for many cities around the world.

Question 2: The city is working on solving the _____________ crisis by building more affordable homes.

Question 3: A significant ____________ of the population in urban areas works in the service sector.

Question 4: Every ______________in the city has access to public services and facilities.

Question 5: The high rate of ____________in the city is a serious issue that needs to be addressed.

Question 6: ____________ has led to both opportunities and challenges for city planners.

Question 7: The new project offers an excellent ______________ for local businesses to grow.

Question 8: The city’s ______________ needs significant upgrades to support its growing population.

E7. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions.

Question 1: The rapid process of __________ has significantly transformed many rural areas into bustling cities.

A. renovation B. degradation C. urbanization D. isolation

Question 2: Due to the high __________ of living, many residents find it difficult to live comfortably in the city.

A. inflation B. cost C. availability D. quality

Question 3: During __________ hour, the streets become heavily congested, making commuting a stressful experience.

A. tall B. slow C. rush D. twin

Question 4: The city is heavily investing in __________ transport to enhance the overall living standards for its inhabitants.

A. private B. special C. public D. common

Question 5: Many people move to the city seeking better __________ that they can’t find in rural areas.

A. opportunities B. tips C. traditions D. friendships

Question 6: The city’s __________ needs to be upgraded to handle the growing population.

A. heritage B. economy C. infrastructure D. rule

Question 7: There is a severe __________ of affordable housing in the city.

A. abundance B. shortage C. production D. luxury

Question 8: Many people cannot __________ the high prices of city living.

A. inform B. afford C. ignore D. deny

Question 9: To better serve its growing population, the city plans to __________ its public transportation network.

A. maintain B. expand C. produce D. minimize

Question 10: The government is working to __________ the city’s infrastructure to make it more efficient.

A. control B. explore C. modernize D. simplify

Question 11: With a population ________ over 10 million, the city faces numerous challenges related to infrastructure and services.

A. for B. of C. on D. to

Question 12: High levels of __________ in large cities can lead to various social challenges, including increased crime rates.

A. employment B. unemployment C. transportation D. education

Question 13: The newly developed mall offers extensive __________ activities for shopping, dining, and entertainment.

A. infrastructure B. convenience C. leisure D. application

Question 14: With the __________ of the urban population, there is an urgent need to expand residential areas.

A. decrease B. ability C. increase D. migration

Question 15: Local __________ have expressed concerns about the increase in traffic due to the new shopping mall.

A. reside B. residential C. residents D. resided

Question 16: The rapid urbanization of rural areas can result ________ a shortage of housing.

A. in B. from C. for D. with

Question 17: The city’s historic buildings _______ back to the 18th century, showcasing beautiful architecture.

A. month B. date C. day D. century

Question 18: As the population grows, more individuals _________ affordable housing options in urban areas.

A. seek B. avoid C. balance D. adopt

Question 19: Many people choose to live in the suburbs because it is more _________ than the city center.

A. crowded B. noisy C. expensive D. affordable

Question 20: The old town is known for its beautiful French ________ buildings, which attract many tourists.

A. modern B. frequent C. colonial D. temporary

Question 21: As the area developed, the farmland was _________ replaced by residential neighborhoods.

A. gradually B. suddenly C. frequently D. rarely

Question 22: The rising crime rates in the city are a major ________ for local residents.

A. benefit B. concern C. advantage D. belief

Question 23: The population of the city is _________ growing, putting pressure on infrastructure and services.

A. slowly B. rapidly C. randomly D. rarely

Question 24: Residents are demanding more ________ electricity and water services from the local government.

A. complex B. expensive C. reliable D. excessive

Question 25: Parks and green spaces are essential for city _________ to relax and escape the urban environment.

A. buildings B. dwellers C. vehicles D. businesses

Question 26: The local government is ________ working to improve public services and infrastructure.

A. steadily B. hardly C. rarely D. occasionally

Question 27: _________ policies are being revised to accommodate the growing number of people moving to the city.

A. Emigration B. Trade C. Immigration D. Export

Question 28: This historic neighborhood is home ________ many beautiful old buildings and landmarks.

A. to B. with C. for D. in

Question 29: This is the first time I ________ such a busy city.
A. have seen B. see C. saw D. had seen

Question 30: She ________ in this city for five years and loves it.
A. has lived B. lived C. lives D. had lived

Question 31: The city ________ a lot since I last visited it.
A. changes B. changed C. has changed D. had changed

Question 32: The last time he visited his hometown was five years ago.

A. He has not visited his hometown for five years.

B. He has often visited his hometown in the last five years.

C. He will visit his hometown in five years.

D. He visited his hometown five years ago.

Question 33: She last saw her best friend two months ago.

A. She has seen her best friend for two months.

B. She hasn’t seen her best friend for two months.

C. She will see her best friend in two months.

D. She saw her best friend two months ago.

Question 34: This is the first time I have tried sushi.

A. I tried sushi for the first time.

B. I have never tried sushi before.

C. I often try sushi.

D. I will try sushi for the first time.

Question 35: They started living in this city five years ago.

A. They no longer live in this city for five years.

B. They will live in this city in five years.

C. They have lived in this city for five years.

D. They lived in this city for five years.

Question 36: The traffic in the city is getting ________ as more people buy cars.

A. more and more congested B. congested and more congested

C. more congested and congested D. congested and congested

Question 37: The more you practice speaking English, ________ you become.

A. the more fluent B. more fluent

C. more and more fluent D. the more fluently

Question 38: As the city expands, it is becoming ________ to find affordable housing.

A. harder and harder B. hard and harder

C. harder and hard D. hard and hard

Question 39: The more technology advances, ________ our lives become.

A. the easier B. easier C. the more easy D. easy

Question 40: With the increase in population, the city is getting ________ crowded.

A. more and more B. more and crowded

C. crowded and crowded D. more and crowded

Question 41: The more time you spend studying, ________ your grades will be.

A. the better B. better C. the more better D. good

Question 42: The cost of living is getting ________ every year.

A. higher and higher B. high and higher C. higher and high D. high and high

Question 43: The more you read, ________ knowledge you gain.

A. the more B. more C. the most D. most

READING

E8. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Human populations have tended (1)_______ over time. As more people were born, small groups of individuals found reasons to come together to form groups and, with the advent of agriculture, small sedentary communities. A small number of these settlements grew into what we now call cities. This kind of growth often (2)_________with a shift from one way of organizing labor to another.

The world population has grown significantly and our economies have become more industrialized over the past few hundred years. As a result, (3)_________ people have moved into cities. This process is known as urbanization. Even after cities emerged, (4)_________, a large majority of people lived and worked in rural areas. It was not until large scale industrialization began in the eighteenth century that cities really began to boom. Nearly half of all people now live in urban areas. They are attracted by jobs in manufacturing and the professions, as well as by increased opportunities for (5)_________ and entertainment.

Adapted from nationalgeographic

Question 1: A. increase B. to increase C. increasing D. increased

Question 2: A. corresponds B. devotes C. concentrates D. developed

Question 3: A. much B. many C. each D. another

Question 4: A. therefore B. moreover C. however D. because

Question 5: A. educate B. education C. educationally D. educational

E9. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to choose the word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.

Urbanization is often discussed in reference to countries that are currently in the (1)________ of industrializing and urbanizing, but all industrialized nations have experienced urbanization at some point in their history. (2)________, urbanization is on the rise all over the globe.

One (3)________ of this huge increase in people living in urban areas is the rise of the megacity, which is a city that has more than 10 million inhabitants. There are now cities with even more than that. Tokyo, Japan, for example, has nearly 40 million residents. (4)______ effect of urbanization is urban sprawl. Urban (5)________is when the population of a city becomes dispersed over an increasingly large geographical area. This movement from higher density urban cores to lower density suburbs means that as cities expand, they often begin to take up significant tracts of land formerly used for agriculture.

Adapted from nationalgeographic

Question 1: A. process B. peace C. idea D. stage

Question 2: A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Although

Question 3: A. benefit B. factor C. result D. effect

Question 4: A. Other B. Another C. The other D. Others

Question 5: A. sprawl B. dweller C. area D. spread

E10. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Urban sprawl is a form of unplanned urban and suburban development that creates low-density environments with high segregation between residential and commercial areas. This phenomenon often leads to harmful impacts on the residents, including increased strain on transport infrastructure, social segregation, and decreased political participation. Urban sprawl started with the industrial revolution and has been facilitated by the popularity of private cars and the expansion of road networks. The post-war era saw a rapid increase in suburban living, contributing to the current extent of urban sprawl in many countries, especially in the United States.

The effects of urban sprawl are far-reaching, impacting the environment, social life, and the economy of cities. Environmentally, urban sprawl increases the need for transportation, leading to higher pollution levels and reducing land available for agriculture. Socially, it limits public spaces, which can lead to social segregation and disengagement from the community. Economically, it causes traffic congestion and a high demand for parking in city centers, which strains urban infrastructure and reduces the land available for other uses. Politically, it segregates communities, making it difficult for them to participate effectively in democratic processes.

To mitigate the negative effects of urban sprawl, several solutions can be implemented. Cities should improve public transportation and reduce the need for private cars, making urban areas more walkable and accessible. Providing more public spaces, such as parks and community centers, can foster a sense of community and reduce social segregation. Additionally, building affordable housing close to city centers can decrease travel time and reduce traffic congestion. These measures can help create more sustainable and integrated urban environments, ensuring long-term social harmony and security.

Reference: https://campuspress.yale.edu/

Question 1: Which can be the main idea for the passage?

A. The Positive Effects of Urban Sprawl

B. The History and Causes of Urban Sprawl

C. The Negative Effects and Solutions for Urban Sprawl

D. The Growth of Urban Areas in the United States

Question 2: The word “segregation” in paragraph 1 mostly means ______.

A. separation B. integration C. connection D. involvement

Question 3: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Urban sprawl started with the industrial revolution.

B. Urban sprawl has positive effects on social life.

C. Urban sprawl increases the need for transportation.

D. Providing public spaces can help mitigate the effects of urban sprawl.

Question 4: What is one major negative impact of urban sprawl mentioned in the passage?

A. Increased political participation B. Reduced strain on transport infrastructure

C. Increased pollution levels D. Enhanced social integration

Question 5: What historical period saw a rapid increase in suburban living?

A. The pre-war era B. The post-war era

C. The industrial revolution D. The 1970s

E11. Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Urbanization in Vietnam has been rapidly accelerating over the past few decades, driven by economic growth and industrialization. Cities like Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi have seen significant population increases as people migrate from rural areas in search of better job opportunities and improved living standards. This mass movement has transformed these cities into bustling economic hubs, contributing to the country’s overall development. However, this rapid urbanization also brings numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustainable growth.

One of the primary challenges of urbanization in Vietnam is the strain on infrastructure and public services. The influx of people into urban areas has led to overcrowded transportation systems, insufficient housing, and overburdened healthcare and education facilities. Traffic congestion, air pollution, and inadequate waste management are common issues in major cities. These problems not only affect the quality of life of urban residents but also pose significant environmental risks. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive urban planning and substantial investments in infrastructure development to accommodate the growing urban population.

Despite these challenges, urbanization in Vietnam also presents significant opportunities. The concentration of people in urban areas can lead to economic efficiencies, innovation, and improved access to services and amenities. The government has been focusing on developing smart cities and promoting sustainable urban growth. Initiatives such as expanding public transportation networks, enhancing green spaces, and implementing advanced technologies in city management are steps towards creating more livable and resilient urban environments. By leveraging the benefits of urbanization and addressing its challenges, Vietnam can achieve a balanced and sustainable urban future.

Reference:https://vietnam.opendevelopmentmekong.net/

Question 1: Which can be the main idea for the passage?

A. The Positive Effects of Urbanization in Vietnam

B. The Challenges and Opportunities of Urbanization in Vietnam

C. The History of Urbanization in Vietnam

D. The Growth of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi

Question 2: The word “overburdened” in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.

A. overwhelmed B. underutilized C. ignored D. improved

Question 3: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Urbanization in Vietnam has transformed cities into economic hubs.

B. Traffic congestion is a common issue in major cities in Vietnam.

C. Urbanization has only negative effects on the environment.

D. The government is focusing on developing smart cities.

Question 4: What is one major challenge of urbanization in Vietnam mentioned in the passage?

A. Lack of economic growth B. Insufficient public services

C. Decrease in rural population D. Overdevelopment of green spaces

Question 5: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. The Vietnamese government is not addressing urbanization challenges.

B. Urbanization in Vietnam has no impact on the environment.

C. Improving public transportation can help mitigate urbanization issues.

D. Urbanization has only negative effects on Vietnamese society.

SPEAKING

Describe a significant change in a city that you have seen. You should say: What the change was When it happened How it affected the city And explain how you feel about this change.

LISTENING

E12. Listen to the audio and complete the passage with ONE word only.

Urbanization in Singapore has been a (1)________ success story, characterized by rapid development and strategic planning. Over the past few decades, Singapore has transformed from a small trading port into a bustling global financial hub. This urbanization process has been driven by a strong government focus on economic growth, (2)___________development, and sustainable living. The city-state has implemented innovative solutions to manage its limited land resources, including high-rise residential buildings and efficient public transportation systems. Singapore’s urban planning emphasizes green spaces and environmental (3)__________, with numerous parks, gardens, and nature reserves integrated into the urban landscape. The Marina Bay area, for instance, showcases cutting-edge urban design with its iconic skyline and waterfront promenade. However, urbanization in Singapore also brings (4)_________, such as the need to balance economic development with environmental conservation and social cohesion. Overall, Singapore’s urbanization exemplifies a model of how thoughtful planning and innovation can lead to a vibrant and (5)________ urban environment.

E13. Listen to the audio again and decide whether the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE:

Question 1: Singapore’s transformation into a global financial hub was a result of spontaneous economic growth without strategic planning.

Question 2: The government of Singapore has focused on sustainable living as part of its urbanization process.

Question 3: Singapore’s urban planning has largely ignored the importance of green spaces.

Question 4: The Marina Bay area is an example of Singapore’s efforts in maintaining traditional urban design.

Question 5: One of the challenges Singapore faces with urbanization is balancing economic development with environmental conservation.

WRITING

Urbanization has led to an increase in the number of people living in cities. Write a paragraph (about 150 words) about the disadvantages of this trend. You should include: The strain on infrastructure and public services Environmental impacts Social issues Economic challenges

Xem nội dung Unit 4 Tiếng Anh 12 – Từ vựng, ngữ pháp và bài tập bổ trợ chi tiết và đáp án tại đây:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1olGgG3WrhPWMC4QKHKrQo0RTbQGMsnMp/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=106073057813033913866&rtpof=true&sd=true

Trên đây là toàn bộ kiến thức trọng tâm của Unit 4 Tiếng Anh 12 mà Mọt Tiếng Anh đã dày công tổng hợp, từ từ vựng, ngữ pháp đến bài tập có đáp án chi tiết. Hy vọng đây sẽ là tài liệu hữu ích giúp các bạn nắm chắc kiến thức, tự tin bứt phá trong kỳ thi tốt nghiệp THPTQG 2026. Chúc các sĩ tử ôn luyện hiệu quả và đạt kết quả như mong đợi!